Again, start with the call. Talk to your veterinarian and their staff there and find out. I never want to imply that this is not a big deal or that you can handle it yourself. When in doubt, get your veterinarian involved. Because if you assess it one way, or your veterinarian tells you over the phone, “Oh, you probably can do this, it's no big deal,” it could go badly. So if at all in doubt, get on the phone, bring them in, let the veterinarian assess it, and do it that way.

Unless you saw what happened or know what the dog got into, that's the only way you're going to know immediately. Unfortunately, there is no quick, immediate test that, when they come in, that we can say, “Hey, I'm going to run a test for antifreeze.” No, we can run blood work, and we can look where the kidneys are, but it takes days for the kidneys to be affected to where it's going to show on blood work in time. So, unfortunately, there's no rapid test. It's just a matter of good observation on your part.

CPR, much like in humans, is cardiopulmonary resuscitation. So that would imply, by its very nature, that you're having either heart or respiratory issues. So how are you going to know? Perhaps you’ve got a dog that just acutely collapsed and is struggling to breathe, or perhaps has stopped breathing. Maybe it's a dog that's choking. Without going into any further detail, that's kind of how you would know if your dog would require CPR.

On the other hand, how to do CPR is different because it's different anatomy than people. And I won't go through all the play-by-plays of it here because it's not the venue, and I don't have anything to practice on or show you on. But simply put, CPR is usually chest compressions. The dog's going to be on its side laterally, and you’ll start chest compressions right where the left elbow meets the body because that's about where the heart is. So you want to do light compressions there. And see, this is the part I don't want to talk about without a proper demonstration, but it's light chest compressions there at a pretty rapid rate. You figure the average dog's heart rate is anywhere between, say, 80 and 120 even at rest, so it's pretty fast, more so than ours would be.

In people, we know to pinch the nose, kind of hold up the chin, and we breathe directly into their mouth that way. In a dog, you do the opposite. In a dog, you more or less close the mouth and breathe directly into the nose. You can put your whole mouth over their nose and breathe into their nose that way. And I know a lot of people watching this are probably thinking, “Ew, that's kind of nasty.” It works, and it's a pretty good seal, and that's usually the most effective way to get it done.

That's a tricky one to answer because there are so many medical conditions that can happen to a dog. It’s difficult and bordering on impossible to tell you if your dog does this or that, they need first aid. First aid is providing medical care in an emergency, so I think things like lacerations and blood loss are the most obvious and common things that you as a pet owner would see, be able to recognize immediately, and administer first aid to.

Maybe if your dog has a history of seizures, and you already have anti-seizure medications, then you might argue that giving that animal a higher dose of anti-seizure medications might be administering first aid. I can’t argue with that. That might be something that would be good too, but it just depends on what's going on as to what kind of first aid that could be remedied or used. If there's any question of what's going on or what needs to be done, get on the phone and call your veterinarian, and they can walk you through what needs to be done more accurately.

Well, I touched upon the beginning first. When the dog first gets here, it will be stabilization, fluids, steroids, oxygen, whatever's necessary in that particular case. Beyond that, if it is something that requires more diagnostics, we're going to run tests. We might have to run a urinalysis, a stool sample, blood work, x-rays, maybe an ultrasound. Those kinds of things will happen once the patient's stabilized. But that might need to be done, so once again, we can pinpoint a diagnosis and then really begin a specific treatment. What does that look like? Is the treatment steroids? Is it antibiotics? Sometimes, the blood work is necessary to tell us what it is, so we know which one to go with.

If your dog's on medication, first, bring the medications with you. I know typically, in an emergency, nobody's thinking clearly. If you're able to grab the bottles and bring them with you, great. Maybe you want to make a list and just keep it handy on the fridge or something like that. If you’re going to just grab a list and note that these are the medicines my dogs are on and what they're for, do that. If it's your regular veterinarian, you may not even need that list of medications because they should have it. But you never know; it's better to be prepared.

Number two, make the veterinarian aware if the dog has ingested anything. Say they ate poison, maybe you put out rat poison, or perhaps you gave them a certain type of food, treat, or candy, or something, and it's making them sick. If you have any opportunity to bring the packaging, the labeling, from whatever they were given, especially with toxins or poisons. But if you can bring in anything that your dog may have ingested, that’s helpful.