There’s local and general anesthesia. So any type of surgical or painful procedure, we would want to use some type of local, topical, IV, or general anesthesia. And part of the anesthesia benefit is to not have them moving.

Prevention. We’re all about prevention. So by preventing the problem initially through monitoring and blood work before surgery, we can catch things ahead of time before they become problems. For example, we may leave that intubation tube longer in some of our English Bulldogs to help with breathing.

We always worry about our brachycephalic breeds, which, if you don't know that big term, are the smush-faced breeds. These are your English Bulldogs, your Pekingese—dogs that don't breathe well before surgery and anesthesia, and so, during recovery, they might be at higher risk.

There are always risks that their blood pressure could drop, or their heart rate could drop too low. We want that to be under control during anesthesia, and that's why we monitor those things. In most of our procedures, we’ve also taken the next step in placing an IV catheter and having the pet on fluids to support them. So we try to minimize those risks with monitoring and by doing some preventative measures. We also use multimodal anesthesia. So, again, I mentioned pre-medication. So by giving multiple steps along the way, we can reduce the overall load of sedation that we give.

That's a great general question. So it depends on what type of surgery that is. We wouldn't recommend a surgery unless we thought it was effective for whatever the problem would be. But of course, some prognoses are better than others.