Cervical disk disease refers to a condition in which an intervertebral disk in the neck region presses on the spinal cord, causing pain and pressure. It is similar to intervertebral disk disease but occurs specifically in the neck area.
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Intervertebral disks are situated between the vertebrae (spinal bones) and consist of an outer fibrous layer and a jelly-like interior. Disk herniation occurs when the interior protrudes or ruptures into the vertebral canal, where the spinal cord is located. This herniation can happen suddenly (acute) or develop over time (chronic). In the neck region, disk disease is often the cause, though trauma (falls, accidents) can also lead to herniation. Small chondrodystrophic breeds, like dachshunds, are particularly prone to this condition due to their long backs, but it can affect other breeds as well. Cervical disk disease is more common in middle-aged pets.
Clinical Presentation
When the spinal cord is compressed by the cervical disk material, the pet may show signs ranging from mild neck pain to severe paralysis of all four legs, with no pain perception. Signs usually appear suddenly, and the pet may show symptoms like tense neck muscles, nose pointing to the ground, arched back, and difficulty moving the head or lifting the chin. Nerve control of urinary and bowel functions may also be affected.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made through a medical history review, physical examination, and neurological examination. Radiographs may be taken, but additional tests like myelogram, MRI, or CT scan can provide more detailed information.
Treatment
Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may respond to medication and crate rest. Recurring or more serious cases may require surgery, during which the extruded disk material is removed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord. After surgery, strict crate rest is crucial for proper healing.
Prognosis
Prognosis varies depending on the individual case. Generally, if the pet could walk before surgery, the prognosis is excellent. If the pet still has some deep pain sensation, the prognosis is good to excellent. However, if deep pain sensation is lost completely, the prognosis becomes guarded. Early recognition and prompt treatment are essential for the best possible outcome.
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