Bladder stones, also known as urolithiasis or cystolithiasis, can be a real headache for our furry companions. These solid mineral deposits form inside the bladder of dogs and can lead to discomfort and serious complications if left untreated. In this article, we'll explore cystotomy, a surgical procedure used to remove bladder stones, and various treatment options to help your pets lead a stone-free life.
The Formation of Bladder Stones
Bladder stones originate from crystals that form in the urine due to changes in pH, urine concentration, and mineral composition. Over time, these crystals join together, layering to create solid mineral deposits in the bladder. These stones can range in size from tiny grit-like particles to large ones measuring over 2 inches in diameter.
Types of Bladder Stones
The two most common types of bladder stones are calcium oxalate and struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). Struvite stones can be triggered by bacterial infections, altering the urine's pH to become more alkaline and facilitating crystal formation. Calcium oxalate stones, on the other hand, tend to form with a more acidic pH and are rarely caused by bacteria. While other stone types may occur due to toxins or breed-related factors, they are much less common.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Pet owners should be vigilant for symptoms of bladder stones, including straining to urinate, increased frequency of urination in small amounts, urine dribbling, urinating in unusual places, vocalizing or crying during urination, and excessive licking of the genital area. The urine may have a strong odor, mucus, or blood.
To diagnose bladder stones, a veterinarian will conduct a thorough physical examination, perform abdominal palpation to check for large stones, and analyze the urine for crystals, pH changes, and signs of infection. X-rays are usually necessary to confirm the presence of stones, though some may not be visible, requiring further evaluation based on symptoms, physical exam, and urine findings.
Treatment Options
The treatment approach depends on the type and size of bladder stones. For smaller stones, along with antibiotics to treat any associated infection, certain therapeutic diets may be used to dissolve struvite stones by acidifying urine pH and restricting specific minerals. However, calcium oxalate stones cannot be dissolved with diet but can be managed with specific diets to reduce the likelihood of enlargement or new stone formation.
In cases where stones become lodged in the urethra, posing a risk of urinary blockage, a method called retropulsion may be attempted. This involves using a urinary catheter to propel stones back into the bladder for easier removal.
When diet changes and retropulsion are not viable options, surgical removal through cystotomy is the most effective treatment. During this procedure, the veterinarian opens the abdomen and bladder to physically extract the stones. Recovery from cystotomy typically takes 2-4 weeks, during which pain medication and antibiotics may be prescribed. Restricted activity is essential to avoid complications during the healing process.
Prevention
Preventing the recurrence of bladder stones is crucial. Specific therapeutic diets tailored to the type of stone can help decrease the chances of recurrence. It's essential to strictly adhere to the recommended therapeutic diet without adding any treats, bones, or flavored toys that could alter urine pH and mineral content. Encouraging increased water intake also aids in diluting the urine, reducing the risk of future stone formation.
Bladder stones can cause discomfort and serious health issues for our pets, but with the right treatment and care, they can lead a stone-free life. Early detection, proper diagnosis, and a proactive approach to treatment can make all the difference. By working closely with your veterinarian and following their guidance, you can help your beloved companions say goodbye to bladder stones and enjoy a happier, healthier life.
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