Canine lymphoma is a type of cancer that can affect dogs of any age. It is estimated that it makes up about 24% of all canine cancers. Golden Retrievers, Saint Bernards, Boxers, Scottish Terriers, Basset Hounds, and Mastiffs tend to be more prone to canine lymphoma, but it can affect any dog breed. Dogs that are immunocompromised with other health conditions are also at higher risk of lymphoma.
Early detection of canine lymphoma is crucial. Dogs with this condition often present with non-specific signs such as decreased appetite, energy, and vomiting. They may also appear generally unwell. Bloodwork is usually unremarkable and on the physical exam, there is usually one lymph node that is enlarged.
How To Diagnose Canine Lymphoma
Aspiration of one or more lymph nodes will help diagnose canine lymphoma. After a diagnosis of lymphoma has been made, staging needs to be done in order to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the lymph nodes. Chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound are usually recommended for staging. Other specialized tests are also done to determine the phenotype of the lymphoma.
My Dog Is Diagnosed With Canine Lymphoma, What Now?
A diagnosis of cancer is scary and upsetting. Not everyone wants to put their pet through chemotherapy, radiation, etc. There are a lot of things to consider with a cancer diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, there are not a lot of oncologists in our immediate area, so travel is a factor. Cost is another factor, as well as your pet’s quality of life and your relationship with your pet. The lymphoma phenotype (B cell vs. T cell) and staging influence the prognosis of canine lymphoma. Chemotherapy has been the treatment of choice. Depending on what protocol is used and what type of lymphoma your dog has will determine which type of chemotherapy is used. Survival time with chemotherapy varies from four months to a year on average. Twenty-five percent of dogs using the CHOP protocol were alive at two years.
Many owners choose not to pursue chemotherapy and elect for palliative care, which involves high doses of steroids. Survival time with palliative care is 1-3 months. Recently, two new drugs became available in the United States for the treatment of canine lymphoma. In 2021, a drug called Tanovea was approved by the FDA for the treatment of canine lymphoma. It involves a 30-minute infusion once every three weeks for up to five treatments. The median survival time is about 168 days.
The second new drug that has been conditionally approved by the FDA for the treatment of canine lymphoma is Laverdia-CA1. Laverdia-CA1 is an oral medication that can be administered by the owner at home and is given twice a week. It is used in patients where referral is not an option, but the owner wants to do more than steroids. It can also be used while waiting to get in for a referral if the patient hasn’t responded to chemotherapy or the lymphoma is atypical, amongst other uses. Laverdia-CA1 is meant to stabilize the tumor and keep the pet more comfortable. No survival time information is available currently.
Potential Side Effects of Chemotherapy for Dogs with Canine Lymphoma
Chemotherapy is a common treatment option for canine lymphoma and can significantly extend your dog's life. However, like in human medicine, chemotherapy does come with potential side effects. It’s important to note that dogs generally tolerate chemotherapy better than humans, and severe side effects are less common. That said, some side effects can still occur, including:
- Gastrointestinal issues: Your dog may experience vomiting, diarrhea, or a loss of appetite. These symptoms are usually mild and manageable with medication.
- Lethargy: Your dog may seem more tired or less energetic after chemotherapy sessions. This is generally temporary and should subside a few days after treatment.
- Bone marrow suppression: Chemotherapy can affect your dog’s bone marrow, leading to a decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This can increase the risk of infection, anemia, or bleeding.
- Hair loss: While dogs don’t usually lose as much hair as humans during chemotherapy, certain breeds like Poodles, Old English Sheepdogs, and other breeds with continuously growing hair may experience noticeable thinning or patchy hair loss.
- Secondary infections: Due to a weakened immune system, your dog may be more susceptible to infections during chemotherapy. Regular monitoring by your vet can help prevent and address these issues early on.
Your veterinarian will tailor the chemotherapy regimen to minimize side effects while providing the most effective treatment possible. Always keep communication open with your vet, especially if your dog experiences any significant changes during treatment.
Supporting Your Dog’s Quality of Life During Lymphoma Treatment
Throughout your dog’s treatment for lymphoma, your primary goal should be maintaining their quality of life. Here are some ways you can help your dog feel more comfortable and supported during this time:
- Pain management: Speak to your vet about medications that can manage discomfort and pain. Steroids, anti-inflammatory medications, or other pain-relieving drugs can significantly improve your dog’s day-to-day comfort.
- Nutritional support: Cancer and its treatments can affect your dog’s appetite. Offering a balanced, high-quality diet or incorporating nutritional supplements can help support your dog’s strength and immune system. Some vets may recommend a cancer-specific diet high in fat and protein to meet your dog's altered nutritional needs.
- Emotional support: Keeping a consistent routine and providing plenty of affection can help your dog feel secure. Spending quality time with your dog and engaging in gentle activities they enjoy can reduce stress and promote a sense of normalcy.
- Environmental modifications: If your dog is experiencing fatigue or mobility issues due to treatment, make adjustments around your home to ensure they have easy access to their favorite resting spots, food, and water. Soft bedding and ramps can help them move around more comfortably.
It’s crucial to monitor your dog closely throughout their treatment and report any changes in behavior or health to your veterinarian. This allows for timely adjustments in care and helps ensure that your dog’s needs are being met throughout the entirety of their treatment.
Your Vet Is Here To Help
Cancer is scary, and just like in human medicine, a lot of research is happening to try and find a cure. If your pet gets diagnosed with cancer, you are not alone, and your veterinarian wants to help. We understand that going to an oncologist and pursuing advanced care is not for everyone. To me, the most important thing is for my client to be able to make an informed decision about the treatment options available for their pet, and for them to continue to have a good relationship with their pet.
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