Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT), also known as Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT), is an effective treatment for addressing airborne allergies in cats. It often leads to significant improvements and, in some cases, even a permanent cure. However, it's important to understand that AIT is not a quick fix, as it takes time and commitment to achieve results.
What is Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT)?
AIT involves the use of a customized serum created from small amounts of allergens (substances that trigger allergic reactions) specific to the patient. This serum is administered through injections. The goal of AIT is to gradually desensitize the patient's immune system to these allergens, effectively reducing or eliminating allergy symptoms. Unlike other treatments that mainly suppress symptoms, AIT addresses the underlying immunological cause of allergies.
What to Expect from AIT
It's essential to have realistic expectations when starting AIT for your cat's allergies:
- Response Rates: Approximately half of the dogs receiving immunotherapy will have an excellent response, while about 25% will have a moderate response, and another 25% may not respond at all.
- Timeframe: AIT is not a quick solution. It can take weeks to months to see significant improvements, and a full year may be needed to determine if the treatment is effective.
- Immediate Relief: AIT will not provide immediate relief for allergy symptoms. It's a long-term strategy to manage allergies.
- Food Allergies: AIT is not effective for treating food allergies. Food allergies require a different approach, such as a food trial.
- Combination Therapy: Combining AIT with other forms of itch relief can lead to even better results.
- Early Intervention: AIT tends to be more effective when started early in the allergic patient's life. Regular rechecks are essential throughout the treatment course.
The Start: Allergy Testing
Before beginning AIT, your cat will undergo allergy testing to identify the specific allergens responsible for their symptoms. There are two primary methods for allergy testing:
- Intradermal Skin Testing (IDST): This test is performed by specialists and involves injecting small amounts of allergens into the skin. Skin reactions are observed and graded. The allergens that trigger the strongest reactions are selected for the serum.
- Blood (In Vitro) Testing: This test analyzes a blood sample for IgE antibodies, which are responsible for allergy symptoms. The blood is tested for IgE antibodies against various allergens like pollens, grasses, and dust mites. The allergens that generate the highest levels of IgE antibodies are chosen for the serum.
The choice between these two methods is controversial and varies among specialists. Some use both tests to determine the allergens for the serum. It's essential to note that neither skin nor blood testing is suitable for diagnosing food allergies.
Administering Injections
Once the serum is prepared, the patient will receive injections containing gradually increasing amounts of allergens. These doses are measured in Protein Nitrogen Units (PNU). The initial vials are weak, starting at around 1,000-2,000 PNU per ml, and gradually becoming more concentrated (up to 20,000 PNU per ml) as the treatment progresses. Injections typically start twice a week and may eventually be given every two weeks.
Owners are usually taught to administer the injections at home, following a schedule provided by the veterinarian. A reward system often helps cats tolerate injections. Used needles can be safely disposed of in the regular trash, preferably within a container to avoid accidents.
Monitoring for Reactions
After each injection, it's crucial to observe the cat for 30 to 60 minutes for any reactions. Reactions can vary in severity:
Serious Reactions Requiring Immediate Intervention:
- Hives
- Facial swelling
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Collapse
Less Serious Reactions that Require Reporting:
- Itching
- Listlessness
- Swelling at the injection site
- Excessive panting
- Frequent swallowing
- Audible stomach/intestinal noises
Serious reactions are rare but should be reported to the veterinarian before the next injection. Reactions may lead to adjustments in the treatment protocol.
Other Versions of Allergen Specific Immunotherapy
- Rush Therapy: This accelerated version of AIT administers the first 12 injections over six hours instead of six weeks. While it carries an increased risk of reactions, it can be beneficial for patients who can't wait for standard AIT results.
- Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT): SLIT involves daily oral administration of allergens. It's a newer approach and may be suitable for patients who did not respond well to injectable AIT. SLIT has a reduced risk of anaphylactic shock compared to injections.
In conclusion, Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) is a highly effective treatment for airborne allergies in cats. While it requires patience and commitment and doesn't provide immediate relief, it can significantly improve your cat's quality of life. If you're considering AIT for your cat, consult with your veterinarian for more information and guidance.
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